Working Papers

The ERD (Economics and Research Department) Working Paper Series is a forum for ongoing and recently completed research and policy studies undertaken in the Asian Development Bank or on its behalf. The Series is a quick-disseminating, informal publication meant to stimulate discussion and elicit feedback. Papers published under this Series could subsequently be revised for publication as articles in professional journals or chapters in books.

No.

Title

166	Determinants of Structural Changes of Food Exports from Developing Countries, June 2009

164	The Impact of Exchange Rate on FDI and the Interdependence of FDI over Time, June 2009

163	The Optimal Structure of Technology Adoption and Creation: Basic Research vs. Development in the Presence of Distance to Frontier, June 2009

162	Saving in Asia: Issues for Rebalancing Growth, May 2009

161	Trade Structure and the Transmission of Economic Distress in the High-Income OECD Countries to Developing Asia, May 2009

160	Is Pakistan's Growth Rate Balance-of-Payments Constrained? Policies and Implications for Development and Growth, May 2009

159	A Cross-Country Analysis of Achievements and Inequities in Economic Growth and Standards of Living, May 2009

158	Saving, Investment, and Current Account Surplus in Developing Asia, April 2009

157	Causes and Consequences of Global Imbalances: Perspective from Developing Asia, April 2009

156	Informal Employment in Indonesia, April 2009

155	Informal Employment in Bangladesh, April 2009

154	Impact of Food Safety Standards on Processed Food Exports from Developing Countries, April 2009

153	Poverty Impact of the Economic Slowdown in Developing Asia: Some Scenarios, April 2009

152	Crises in Asia: Historical Perspectives and Implications, March 2009

151	Equilibrium Real Exchange Rate, Misalignment, and Export Performance in Developing Asia, March 2009

150	Macroeconomic Uncertainties, Oil Subsidies, and Fiscal Sustainability in Asia, March 2009

149	Technological Change, Human Capital Structure, and Multiple Growth Paths, March 2009

148	Quality of Jobs in the Philippines: Comparing Self-Employment with Wage Employment, March 2009

147	Corporate Governance and Merger and Acquisition Foreign Direct Investment: Firm-level Evidence from Japanese Foreign Direct Investment into the US, January 2009

146	Housing Prices and the Role of Speculation: The Case of Seoul, January 2009

145	Measuring Income Mobility, Income Inequality, and Social Welfare for Households of the People's Republic of China, December 2008

144	Have Antidumping Measures of EU and NAFTA Members against East Asian Countries Provoked Retaliatory Responses? December 2008

143	Integration of Consumer Price Indices and the International Comparison Program for the Asia and Pacific Region: How can They be Achieved? December 2008

142	Ex-ante Impact Evaluation of Conditional Cash Transfer Program on School Attendance and Poverty: The Case of the Philippines, December 2008

141	Environmental Kuznets Curves in the People's Republic of China: Turning Points and Regional Differences, December 2008

140	Export Performance, Foreign Ownership, and Trade Policy Regime: Evidence from Thai Manufacturing, December 2008

139	The US Financial Crisis, Global Financial Turmoil, and Developing Asia: Is the Era of High Growth at an End? December 2008

138	Effectiveness of Public Spending: The Case of Rice Subsidies in the Philippines, December 2008

137	Asian Holdings of US Treasury Securities: Trade Integration as a Threshold, December 2008

136	An Analysis of Pakistan's Macroeconomic Situation and Prospects, December 2008

135	Gender Differences in Remittance Behavior: Evidence from Viet Nam, November 2008

134	Foreign Direct Investment, Innovation, and Exports: Firm-Level Evidence from People's Republic of China, Thailand, and Philippines, November 2008

133	Asian Migration Prospects: 2007 - 2012, November 2008

132	Rethinking the Growth Diagnostics Approach: Questions from Practitioners, November 2008

131	Economics of Energy Conservation: A Case Study, October 2008

130	Prospects of an ASEAN-People's Republic of China Free Trade Area: A Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis, October 2008

125	Extra-EU Imports of Clothing and EU Preferential Trade Policies in the Post-Quota Era: The Position of Asian Suppliers in the Largest World Market for Clothing Imports, October 2008

124	Market-Based Approaches for Managing the Asian Environment: A Review, October 2008

123	Dealing with the Proliferation of Bilateral Trade Agreements: Consolidation, Multilateralization, Harmonization, or Dilution? September 2008

122	Globalization, Erosion of Tax Base, and the Revenue Potential of Developing Asia's Foreign Exchange Reserve Build-Up, September 2008

120	Explaining Growth and Inequality in Factor Income: The Philippines Case, August 2008

118	The Growth Penalty of High Government Pay Rates, June 2008

117	Accounting for Inequality in India: Evidence from Household Expenditures, June 2008

116	Productivity and Employment in a Developing Country: Evidence from Republic of Korea, June 2008

114	Price Dynamics in the US Market for Apparel Imports: Impact of Quota Elimination under the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing and Safeguard Restrictions on the People's Republic of China, May 2008

113	Do Minimum Wages Reduce Employment and Training? May 2008

112	Has Inflation Hurt the Poor? Regional Analysis in the Philippines, May 2008

111	Asian Textile and Apparel Trade: Moving forward with Regional Integration, January 2008

110	A Note on Competitiveness and Structural Transformation in Pakistan, December 2007

109	Beyond Liquidity: New Uses for Developing Asia's Foreign Exchange Reserves, November 2007

108	Occupational Segregation and Gender Discrimination in Labor Markets: Thailand and Viet Nam, November 2007

107	Sectoral Engines of Growth in Developing Asia: Stylized Facts and Implications, November 2007

106	Determinants of Export Performance in East and Southeast Asia, November 2007

105	Efficient Technology and the Conservation of Natural Forests: Evidence from Sri Lanka, October 2007

104	An Empirical Analysis of East Asia's Pre-crisis Daily Exchange Rates, November 2007

103	Could Imports be Beneficial for Economic Growth? Some Evidence from Republic of Korea, October 2007

102	Incidence, Intensity, and Correlates of Catastrophic Out-of-Pocket Health Payments in India, October 2007

101	Benchmarking Developing Asia's Manufacturing Sector, September 2007

100	Time Preference and Natural Resource Use by Local Communities: The Case of Sinharaja Forest in Sri Lanka, August 2007

99	Flood Insurance as a Flood Management Tool: An Economic Perspective, August 2007

98	Defining and Measuring Inclusive Growth: Application to the Philippines, July 2007

97	Inclusive Growth toward a Prosperous Asia: Policy Implications, July 2007

96	Interrelationship between Growth, Inequality, and Poverty: The Asian Experience, June 2007

95	Can East Asia Weather a US Slowdown? June 2007

94	Theory and Practice in the Choice of Social Discount Rate for Cost-Benefit Analysis: A Survey, May 2007

93	An Analysis of the Philippine Business Process Outsourcing Industry, March 2007

92	Measuring Underemployment: Establishing the Cut-off Point, March 2007

91	Infrastructure as a Catalyst for Regional Integration, Growth, and Economic Convergence: Scenario Analysis for Asia, December 2006

90	Asia's Imprint on Global Commodity Markets, December 2006

89	Rules of Origin: Conceptual Explorations and Lessons from the Generalized System of Preferences, December 2006

88	Income Volatility and Social Protection in Developing Asia, November 2006

87	Expanding Access to Basic Services in Asia and the Pacific Region: Public-Private Partnerships for Poverty Reduction, November 2006

86	Economic Growth, Technological Change, and Patterns of Food and Agricultural Trade in Asia, November 2006

85	Macroeconomic Effects of Fiscal Policies: Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh, People's Republic of China, Indonesia, and Philippines, November 2006

84	Income Disparity and Economic Growth: Evidence from People's Republic of China, October 2006

83	Preferential Trade Agreements in Asia: Alternative Scenarios of "Hub and Spoke", October 2006

82	Institutions and Policies for Growth and Poverty Reduction: The Role of Private Sector Development, July 2006

81	A Small Macroeconometric Model of the People's Republic of China, June 2006

80	Central Asia: Mapping Future Prospects to 2015, April 2006

79	An Assessment of Cross-country Fiscal Consolidation, February 2006

78	Trade Facilitation, January 2006

77	Dynamics of Manufacturing Competitiveness in South Asia: Analysis through Export Data, December 2005

76	Policy Reform in Indonesia and the Asian Development Bank's Financial Sector Governance Reforms Program Loan, December 2005

75	Macroeconomic Impact of HIV/AIDS in the Asian and Pacific Region, November 2005

74	Growth and Trade Horizons for Asia: Long-term Forecasts for Regional Integration, November 2005

73	Impacts of the Doha Development Agenda on People's Republic of China: The Role of Complementary Education Reforms, October 2005

72	Can the Poor Benefit from the Doha Agenda? The Case of Indonesia, October 2005

71	Policy Reform in Thailand and the Asian Development Bank's Agricultural Sector Program Loan, September 2005

70	Policy Reform in Viet Nam and the Asian Development Bank's State-Owned Enterprise Reform and Corporate Governance Program Loan, August 2005

69	Export or Domestic-Led Growth in Asia? May 2005

68	Local Currency Financing - The Next Frontier for MDBs? April 2005

67	Banks and Corporate Debt Market Development, April 2005

66	Measuring Efficiency of Macro Systems: An Application to Millennium Development Goal Attainment, March 2005

65	Poverty and Foreign Aid Evidence from Recent Cross-Country Data, March 2005

64	Empirical Assessment of Sustainability and Feasibility of Government Debt: The Philippine Case, February 2005

63	Developing the Market for Local Currency Bonds by Foreign Issuers: Lessons from Asia, February 2005

62	A Small Macroeconometric Model of the Philippine Economy, January 2005

61	Foreign Exchange Reserves, Exchange Rate Regimes, and Monetary Policy: Issues in Asia, January 2005

60	Measuring Competitiveness in the World's Smallest Economies: Introducing the SSMECI, November 2004

59	Labor Market Distortions, Rural-Urban Inequality, and the Opening of People's Republic of China’s Economy, November 2004

58	Monetary Poverty Estimates in Sri Lanka: Selected Issues, October 2004

57	Practices of Poverty Measurement and Poverty Profile of Nepal, September 2004

56	Viet Nam: Foreign Direct Investment and Postcrisis Regional Integration, September 2004

55	Experience of Asian Asset management Companies: Do they Increase Moral Hazard? - Evidence from Thailand, September 2004

54	Practices of Poverty Measurement and Poverty Profile of Bangladesh, August 2004

53	Competitiveness, Income Distribution, and Growth in the Philippines: What Does the Long-run Evidence Show? June 2004

52	Restructuring and Regulatory Reform in the Power Sector: Review of Experience and Issues, May 2004

51	Poverty Estimates in India: Some Key Issues, May 2004

50	Is the Rising Services Sector in the People’s Republic of China Leading to Cost Disease? April 2004

49	Changing Bank Lending Behavior and Corporate Financing in Asia, December 2003

48	Is Export-led Growth Passe? Implications for Developing Asia, December 2003

47	Excess Investment and Efficiency Loss During Reforms: The Case of Provincial level Fixed-Asset Investment in People’s Republic of China, October 2003

46	Local Government Finance, Private Resources, and Local Credit Markets in Asia, October 2003

45	A Review of Commitment Savings Products in Developing Countries, July 2003

44	Welfare Impacts of Electricity Generation Sector Reform in the Philippines, June 2003

43	Why Has Income Inequality in Thailand Increased? An Analysis Using 1975-1998 Surveys , June 2003

42	Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction in Viet Nam, June 2003

41	Industrial Structure, Technical Change, and the Role of Government in Development of the Electronics and Information Industry in Taipei,China, May 2003

40	The Puzzle of Social Capital: A Critical Review, May 2003

39	The Political Economy of Good Governance for Poverty Alleviation Policies, May 2003

38	Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Asia: Trends, Effects, and Likely Issues for the Forthcoming WTO Negotiations, April 2003

37	Electricity Demand in the People's Republic of China: Investment Requirement and Environmental Impact, March 2003

36	Environment Statistics in Central Asia: Progress and Prospects, March 2003

35	Bond Market Development in East Asia: Issues and Challenges, January 2003

34	Economic Openness and Regional Development in the Philippines, January 2003

33	Technological Spillovers from Foreign Direct Investment-A Survey, December 2002

32	Leading Indicators of Business Cycles in Malaysia and the Philippines, December 2002

31	New Economy and the Effects of Industrial Structures on International Equity Market Correlations, December 2002

30	Asian Regionalism and Its Effects on Trade in the 1980s and 1990s, November 2002

29	How can Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Viet Nam Cope with Revenue Lost Due to AFTA Tariff Reductions? November 2002

28	Regional Cooperation in Asia: Long-term Progress, Recent Retrogression, and the Way Forward, October 2002

27	Digital Divide: Determinants and Policies with Special Reference to Asia, October 2002

26	Causes of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis: What Can an Early Warning System Model Tell Us? October 2002

25	Revisiting Growth and Poverty Reduction in Indonesia: What Do Subnational Data Show? October 2002

24	Financial Opening under the WTO Agreement in Selected Asian Countries: Progress and Issues, September 2002

23	Promoting Effective Schooling through Education Decentralization in Bangladesh, Indonesia, and Philippines, September 2002

22	Conceptual Issues in the Role of Education Decentralization, September 2002

21	The Doha Agenda and Development: A View from the Uruguay Round, September 2002

20	Modernization and Son Preference in People's Republic of China, September 2002

19	Why Are Some Countries Richer Than Others? A Reassessment of Mankiw-Romer-Weil's Test of the Neoclassical Growth Model, August 2002

18	Poverty and Patterns of Growth, August 2002

17	Effect of Decentralization Strategy on Macroeconomic Stability in Thailand, August 2002

16	The Role of Infrastructure in Land-use Dynamics and Rice Production in Viet Nam’s Mekong River Delta, July 2002

15	A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy, June 2002

14	Toward a Political Economy Approach to Policy-based Lending, May 2002

13	Monetary Cooperation in East Asia: A Survey, May 2002

12	Costs and Benefits of a Common Currency for ASEAN, May 2002

11	The European Social Model: Lessons for Developing Countries, May 2002

10	Poverty Reduction and the Role of Institutions in Developing Asia, May 2002

09	Microfinance in Northeast Thailand: Who Benefits and How Much, April 2002

08	Poverty, Growth, and Inequality in Thailand, April 2002

07	Probing Beneath Cross-national Averages: Poverty, Inequality, and Growth in the Philippines, March 2002

06	Monetary and Financial Cooperation in East Asia: The Chiang Mai Initiative and Beyond, February 2002

05	The International Competitiveness of Asian Economies in the Apparel Commodity Chain, February 2002

04	International Competitiveness of Asian Firms: An Analytical Framework, January 2002

03	The Automotive Supply Chain: Global Trends and Asian Perspectives, January 2002

02	Policy-based Lending and Poverty Reduction: An Overview of Processes, Assessment, and Options, January 2002

01	Capitalizing on Globalization, January 2002

Source: Asian Development Bank